[
  {
    "i": 0,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "All right, well, hello everybody and welcome."
  },
  {
    "i": 1,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "Hang out. I got Elon and Ian Doll with our Starlink team. Figured we'd check in. It's been a typical SpaceX year."
  },
  {
    "i": 2,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "Launched a brand new vehicle."
  },
  {
    "i": 3,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "Acquired XAI, now SpaceX AI. Announced a terra-sized chip-building project. And so >> Yeah, never a dull moment."
  },
  {
    "i": 4,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Yeah, never a dull moment. Typical year."
  },
  {
    "i": 5,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "And so, let's kind of wanted to connect some of the dots on how this all feeds into making life multi-planetary."
  },
  {
    "i": 6,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "Starting to climb up Kardashev scale."
  },
  {
    "i": 7,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "Maybe show off some cool new AI sat stuff. Let's kind of start galaxy-sized."
  },
  {
    "i": 8,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "And bring people in with the Kardashev scale."
  },
  {
    "i": 9,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> What's the big picture?"
  },
  {
    "i": 10,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> What's the big picture? What is the Kardashev scale?"
  },
  {
    "i": 11,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Like how do you decide what progress a civilization has made um that's the most objective metric uh that any alien species, say visiting us, uh would calibrate how how much progress we've"
  },
  {
    "i": 12,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "made um as a civilization. And one of the most objective ways to do that is the amount of power that is any given civilization has been able to harness."
  },
  {
    "i": 13,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um and uh there was a Russian physicist actually by the name of Kardashev um who thought about this and it's it's I think it's a good way to characterize it, which is uh you can have"
  },
  {
    "i": 14,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "uh you can you can assess how well a civilization is harnessing the power available on the planet."
  },
  {
    "i": 15,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "That's uh type one. And then type two would be uh how much of the star's power are you harnessing? And then type three would be how much of the galaxy's power are you harnessing?"
  },
  {
    "i": 16,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um these are very objective and measurable numbers."
  },
  {
    "i": 17,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh so right now we're very low on the Kardashev one scale. Like if you say like what proportion of uh, our planet's power are we harnessing, it's a very, very tiny number."
  },
  {
    "i": 18,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um, and and and basically we're we're harnessing almost nothing of our star's power. So, the the sun is truly an immense thing."
  },
  {
    "i": 19,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "It is it is difficult with words to characterize just how immense the sun is, but this gives you sort of a sense of scale."
  },
  {
    "i": 20,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Yeah, it's it's it's a big difficulty jump going from level one to level two."
  },
  {
    "i": 21,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Very big difficulty jump, yes. And level three, um, we don't even know how to do level three, really."
  },
  {
    "i": 22,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Yeah, yeah, exactly. AI will figure it out, I suppose. One way to appreciate the the size of the sun is to think about how heavy is the sun compared to all the rest of the mass in the solar system."
  },
  {
    "i": 23,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So, the sun is about 99.86% of all mass in the solar system."
  },
  {
    "i": 24,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "It's, uh, every everything and and then all the remaining uh, one, you know, 0.14%, most of that is Jupiter."
  },
  {
    "i": 25,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "One planet."
  },
  {
    "i": 26,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> So, we're still lightweight."
  },
  {
    "i": 27,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yes."
  },
  {
    "i": 28,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh, the entire mass of Earth is in the tiny miscellaneous category. We're like Earth is a tiny dust mote compared to the sun."
  },
  {
    "i": 29,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Well, then but how much energy are we talking like coming from the sun, especially compared to what we're using here on Earth? It feels like >> Yeah."
  },
  {
    "i": 30,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "The incident solar energy on the cross-section of the Earth is roughly a half billionth of the sun's um, power output."
  },
  {
    "i": 31,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um, and and the vast majority of that we we cannot use because, uh, you know, 70% of Earth is water."
  },
  {
    "i": 32,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh, which is technically our planet should be called water, um, because it is 70% water and I think an alien civilization visiting us would be like, \"Why are they calling it Earth when it"
  },
  {
    "i": 33,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "is mostly water?\""
  },
  {
    "i": 34,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> We're the We're the Greenlands not green of the of the galaxy of the solar system."
  },
  {
    "i": 35,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah. Um a bunch of the the Exactly. You know, even We're 70% water."
  },
  {
    "i": 36,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And then of the 30% that's land, a bunch of it is uh uh you know, Antarctica or you know, Siberia type of thing. Very northern Canada type of thing. Very difficult to Not Not Not places people typically want"
  },
  {
    "i": 37,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "to live, and you're not going to get a lot of uh solar power in the at the poles."
  },
  {
    "i": 38,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So, the actual usable area of land that where you can get solar power is quite small. Anyway, in order to ascend the Kardashev scale or in order to get to any meaningful percentage of"
  },
  {
    "i": 39,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "the sun's energy harnessed, uh you have to go to space."
  },
  {
    "i": 40,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "If you want to get to, say, a millionth of the power output of the sun, um you would have to increase civilizational energy harnessed by much more than a million."
  },
  {
    "i": 41,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So, we currently use much less than a trillionth of the power output of the sun."
  },
  {
    "i": 42,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um and a trillion is [clears throat] a million times a million."
  },
  {
    "i": 43,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh so So, basically there's We're We're We're basically practically nowhere um on on the sort of the Kardashev two scale. Practically nowhere."
  },
  {
    "i": 44,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> So, on Kardashev scale, we're all still We're still non-existent."
  },
  {
    "i": 45,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> We're non-existent. We're We're like not a We're not even >> Yeah. We're We're We're so We're not We're not registering."
  },
  {
    "i": 46,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Not even a micro soul."
  },
  {
    "i": 47,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Yeah. We're >> No."
  },
  {
    "i": 48,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> And so, to actually >> soul would be an epic epic achievement relative to where we are right now."
  },
  {
    "i": 49,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Something to aspire to."
  },
  {
    "i": 50,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah, that's our goal."
  },
  {
    "i": 51,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> And like I I this is I think It was simultaneously an incredibly adventurous goal relative to where we are and and yet not particularly adventurous as a percentage of the sun's energy to"
  },
  {
    "i": 52,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "try to achieve uh power harness being 1 millionth of what the sun outputs."
  },
  {
    "i": 53,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> And so to actually start >> A micro soul."
  },
  {
    "i": 54,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> To actually start getting there though, we're not just going to throw solar arrays in space, try to soak up a bunch of the sun. Like there has to be [music] a need. Like we want to go up there and"
  },
  {
    "i": 55,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "do something meaningful. And obviously until this point human history like there hasn't really been a need."
  },
  {
    "i": 56,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "What has changed to make us think that like maybe now's the time to start trying to notch your percentage point or two?"
  },
  {
    "i": 57,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> I mean getting to a percent of the sun's energy >> Maybe not a percent. [clears throat] Let's go like move the decimal point back a couple years."
  },
  {
    "i": 58,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> an extremely kick ass civilization if you get to 1% of the sun's energy. I'm like, wow."
  },
  {
    "i": 59,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "That civilization is going to be uh vastly more powerful than us to say the least."
  },
  {
    "i": 60,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Um So in order to start to make some progress uh on the Kardashev scale we need to uh launch satellites to to to orbit Earth uh and capture uh solar power and that uh avoids the need to build massive"
  },
  {
    "i": 61,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "power plants on Earth and uh deal with cooling cuz uh cooling is actually much easier in space than it is on Earth. Um you can just radiate to the vacuum."
  },
  {
    "i": 62,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um and um and so what what we're proposing here and what we intend to do is to try to climb the Kardashev scale to a kind of like a respectable civilization."
  },
  {
    "i": 63,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um so uh when the aliens hopefully there are aliens out there and they uh maybe finally decide to talk to us, you know, where we have where where we have some respectable uh amount of the sun's energy being"
  },
  {
    "i": 64,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "used."
  },
  {
    "i": 65,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Um, that's not like totally pathetic."
  },
  {
    "i": 66,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> [laughter] >> Which is the current situation."
  },
  {
    "i": 67,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> And so before we start sending data centers, sending all this to space, there are some limiting factors that we got to get through that would traditionally make it so like this is almost impossible."
  },
  {
    "i": 68,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah, what does it take to scale?"
  },
  {
    "i": 69,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Um, so things it takes to scale uh, are you need to have a a large mass to orbit capability, which is what Starship will give us."
  },
  {
    "i": 70,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh, that large mass so you know, we ultimately need to send millions of tons to orbit and beyond."
  },
  {
    "i": 71,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And you need the power associated with that. So if you want to put a 100 gigawatts or ultimately a terawatt into space from Earth, uh, you need uh, you you will at some point need a terawatt"
  },
  {
    "i": 72,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "of solar."
  },
  {
    "i": 73,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um, and then you're going to need a terawatt of AI chips. So the three things on you need are mass to orbit, lot of solar power, and and radiators of course. And uh, a lot of chips."
  },
  {
    "i": 74,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> All right, well let's start ticking down the list. So mass orbit that's where Starship comes in. Yeah, we just had first flight V3 it's awesome."
  },
  {
    "i": 75,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "I know you were there. It was crazy to see that rocket launch yeah, and then like long time coming. What's kind of what Starship's kind of purpose of being? What is it going to be doing?"
  },
  {
    "i": 76,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah, so Starship is going to it's going to revolutionize space really. It's um, it's the first rocket design uh, that is capable of full and rapid reusability."
  },
  {
    "i": 77,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Now reusability is the fundamental breakthrough that is necessary to make life multi-planetary uh, as well as to ascend the Kardashev scale. You you simply cannot ascend the the Kardashev"
  },
  {
    "i": 78,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "scale unless you have a re- reusable spacecraft and you cannot extend life uh, to the moon, to Mars, and to the rest of the solar system without a reusable rocket. Um the the cost is"
  },
  {
    "i": 79,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "simply prohibitive. You You can't You can't make enough rockets."
  },
  {
    "i": 80,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Uh unless you fly unless you can re-fly them. Uh just like any other mode of transport, you can imagine that if uh if we had to throw away airplanes every time we flew, uh flying would be far too"
  },
  {
    "i": 81,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "expensive and basically no one would be flying airplanes."
  },
  {
    "i": 82,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> You'd be doing a whole lot more driving."
  },
  {
    "i": 83,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Rapid reusability."
  },
  {
    "i": 84,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yes. [laughter] Um every mode of transport is reusable um without which is simply not viable as a as a transport uh system. Uh so cars, planes, boats, horses, bicycles are all obviously"
  },
  {
    "i": 85,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "reusable."
  },
  {
    "i": 86,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Um with rockets, it's much harder to make a rocket reusable because Earth has uh a deep gravity well and a thick atmosphere. Uh and these make it just barely possible to achieve reusability"
  },
  {
    "i": 87,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "with a rocket. Um and there've been you know, many prior attempts to create a re- a fully reusable rocket. Um and they Most of those attempts have been abandoned halfway through because"
  },
  {
    "i": 88,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "they they didn't think they could succeed. Uh in order to achieve full reusability, everything's got to be perfect. It's the engines, the structure, the avionics, um the choice of propellants,"
  },
  {
    "i": 89,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "uh You You've got to You've got to go to extreme measures for mass optimization, which is why we have the tower catch the rocket instead of putting on landing legs, which are heavy."
  },
  {
    "i": 90,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh the the rocket can simply be caught by the tower. And we haven't achieved full reusability yet, but we do expect to achieve that hopefully later this year with Starship. And then you you've"
  },
  {
    "i": 91,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "got to achieve full reusability. They've also You've You've got to go a step beyond that, which is um make it rapidly reusable such that the rocket lands, it gets caught by the tower, gets put back on the launch"
  },
  {
    "i": 92,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "stand, and can be flown again without any refurbishment or laborious inspection like an aircraft."
  },
  {
    "i": 93,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Um this is incredibly difficult. This is the first time that there's ever been a rocket where that is possible."
  },
  {
    "i": 94,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "That's what makes Starship so profound."
  },
  {
    "i": 95,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "I mean it it also happens to be the the largest flying object ever made, the heaviest flying object ever made, the most powerful moving object of any kind."
  },
  {
    "i": 96,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "You know, Starship V3 is more than double the thrust of it the Saturn V moon rocket."
  },
  {
    "i": 97,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "By version 4 will be pretty much three times the thrust of the Saturn V moon rocket."
  },
  {
    "i": 98,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And we expect this we expect Starship to be flying more than once per hour down the road."
  },
  {
    "i": 99,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> One of the fun facts from flight 12 that was actually the heaviest payload SpaceX has ever flown and that's still just a fraction of what V3 can do. So, >> Yes."
  },
  {
    "i": 100,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> I mean once we're flying massive amounts really rapidly. I mean we already fly the majority of payload to space with Falcon."
  },
  {
    "i": 101,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "Do people even really understand what mass to orbit becomes once Starship is flying?"
  },
  {
    "i": 102,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> It's it's many orders of magnitude greater than what is the case today. So, even with Falcon uh 9 Falcon Heavy SpaceX delivers almost 90% of all Earth mass to orbit. I think it's somewhere"
  },
  {
    "i": 103,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "between 85 and 90% right now."
  },
  {
    "i": 104,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um and then most of the remaining mass I think is is launched by China and then the rest of the world including the rest of the US is the remaining I don't know, 5 to 7%."
  },
  {
    "i": 105,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um Now with with Starship we're we'll be aiming to go from somewhere around 2,500 tons a year to orbit to millions of tons per year to orbit."
  },
  {
    "i": 106,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um and to do so in a pretty short period of time. So, we think probably we can get to a million tons uh to orbit per year in in in about 3 years, thereabouts."
  },
  {
    "i": 107,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Starship Starship is going to take care of the mass to orbit limiting factor."
  },
  {
    "i": 108,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Yes."
  },
  {
    "i": 109,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> And then power generation. So first and Ian, maybe you can help."
  },
  {
    "i": 110,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Sure."
  },
  {
    "i": 111,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> People probably struggle to visualize a little bit when you say like data center in space. Like we're not going to slap engines on a building and fly it up. They're like these actually look"
  },
  {
    "i": 112,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "like pretty different. And so kind of walk through how you take something that's in a giant building on the ground and turn it into something that's functional in space."
  },
  {
    "i": 113,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> Yeah, I I I think it's it's pretty interesting. A lot of people don't actually know what what the inside of a data center even looks like, right?"
  },
  {
    "i": 114,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> And it's some like mythical place where the the internet's in the cloud or something."
  },
  {
    "i": 115,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> Yeah, some people envision wires, some people envision boxes, but like effectively it comes down to a set number of chips and and the things that we need to launch into space are"
  },
  {
    "i": 116,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "actually quite small when we look at it."
  },
  {
    "i": 117,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "Uh the more challenging part is figuring out how to get how do you get the power for it? And and that's where a lot of what we've worked on for existing like Starlink technology, the"
  },
  {
    "i": 118,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "solar arrays are what we want to utilize that expertise to be able to build a satellite that can actually launch the critical components of the data center into space itself."
  },
  {
    "i": 119,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "Um we like to look at this and say like what is what is the actual engineering problem here?"
  },
  {
    "i": 120,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "And and it's it's really a combination of delivering power and then taking the waste heat and energy away and sending it into the vacuum of space as you mentioned."
  },
  {
    "i": 121,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah. Uh the AI satellite is actually much simpler than a Starlink satellite. It's a Starlink satellite has has gigantic phased array antennas."
  },
  {
    "i": 122,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "It's got uh you know, parabolic antennas, it's got uh let you know, a lot of laser links."
  },
  {
    "i": 123,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um it's a it's it's much more complicated than an AI satellite. An AI satellite is essentially a lot of uh solar cells, um a radiator, and uh you still need some laser links, but you don't have all"
  },
  {
    "i": 124,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "of the the super complex uh antennas that you have on a Starlink satellite. So, I mean, given the two, the easier one to design for is the um the AI satellite."
  },
  {
    "i": 125,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah. It's just a little bit bigger."
  },
  {
    "i": 126,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> It's bigger."
  },
  {
    "i": 127,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Just make stuff bigger, yeah. I was like, so we've got this is our AI one. If you guys want to walk us through."
  },
  {
    "i": 128,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> Yeah, so so the first thing that we're we're really looking at here is like you first you got to make something compelling, uh right? And and we thought that the right place to start is"
  },
  {
    "i": 129,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "uh around the 150 kW like peak power level. Um but as we look at the workloads with with our experience with XAI, uh we get to actually see the the we can also support about 120 kW of average"
  },
  {
    "i": 130,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "compute. There's a difference."
  },
  {
    "i": 131,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yes. And what we're showing here is kind of um a a draft version of the version one of the of the SpaceX AI satellite. The AI one, I guess you could call it. Um and uh seems like a"
  },
  {
    "i": 132,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "reasonable place to start is 150 kW peak power, 120 kW sustained power. And um and to give you a sense of what does that actually look like in terms of the size of the radiators, size of the solar"
  },
  {
    "i": 133,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "panels. Um the assumptions here are uh 250 W per square meter for the solar array."
  },
  {
    "i": 134,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And um about 1,400 W per square meter for the radiators. So, the radiators these are double-sided. Re- radiators are radiating both sides. They're uh oriented knife edge to the sun."
  },
  {
    "i": 135,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And uh and and it's 1,400 W per square meter is a very achievable goal. Uh over time, we think we can probably do above 250 watts per square meter and above 1400 watts per per square meter for the"
  },
  {
    "i": 136,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "uh solar panels and radiators respectively."
  },
  {
    "i": 137,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um but this gives you like a a a prison pretty much what the satellite's going to look like. It's a lot of solar panels, radiator, and then everything else is pretty small by comparison."
  },
  {
    "i": 138,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> And these are like evolutions of of things that we have actually already launched in in in our Starlink constellation to date."
  },
  {
    "i": 139,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> That's that's really I think the the cool part to me is that we're we're looking at solar technology that we already are are going to use on on the V3 Starlink vehicle. So I'm like really excited to then just"
  },
  {
    "i": 140,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "take those and make it bigger."
  },
  {
    "i": 141,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah. Part of what we want to want to convey here is that this there's not some um magic that's necessary that doesn't exist for the AI satellites. Uh As Ian said, this is a lot of this is"
  },
  {
    "i": 142,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "uh technology that we we've already made for the Starlink V3 satellites."
  },
  {
    "i": 143,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh so it's it's we basically we don't think this is a a super hard problem compared to things we already do. Um There would also be probably something on the order of a terabit of laser link connectivity from the"
  },
  {
    "i": 144,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "from the satellite. Um The 150 kilowatt peak power level is roughly matches what's a an Nvidia GB300 uh rack would do. So if you you've got a GB300 with 72 GPUs, uh its peak power I"
  },
  {
    "i": 145,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "think is around 140 kilowatts."
  },
  {
    "i": 146,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um but it's rarely it's it's almost impossible to get it to to be at that peak power. Um a more reasonable operating envelope would be around 120 kilowatts average power. Um But but it"
  },
  {
    "i": 147,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "can peak up to 150. So that's it's basically think of it as a a rack of compute in space. And then you can connect the these these racks of compute to uh either each other by the laser links um"
  },
  {
    "i": 148,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "or directly to the Starlink constellation. So, you can close the link uh with the Starlink constellation and then Starlink can then um uh send that data to the ground uh using the existing KA and KU uh antennas on"
  },
  {
    "i": 149,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "the on the vehicle."
  },
  {
    "i": 150,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um it also has laser to laser links to the ground as well."
  },
  {
    "i": 151,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So, uh And this this would not be at a particularly high latency. You know, we're we're talking about you know, maybe being around 6 to 800 km uh above the Earth uh and light travels 300 km per"
  },
  {
    "i": 152,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "millisecond."
  },
  {
    "i": 153,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So, that's uh it's about you know, 3 milliseconds away basically."
  },
  {
    "i": 154,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "It's not not very far."
  },
  {
    "i": 155,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Won't worry about that too much then."
  },
  {
    "i": 156,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> It's not Sometimes people worry think it's going to be some like high latency. I'm like >> Yeah."
  },
  {
    "i": 157,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah, it's no, speed of light moves pretty fast."
  },
  {
    "i": 158,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Light moves pretty fast. It's all one."
  },
  {
    "i": 159,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> I think the cool thing also is the uh the radiators themselves are about the same size as the existing uh solar arrays for the V3 vehicle."
  },
  {
    "i": 160,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "Um kind of kind of in that that realm where we're flying today."
  },
  {
    "i": 161,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> So, I mean, they got they got about a 70 m wingspan. So, these are fairly large."
  },
  {
    "i": 162,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "We're talking about building a lot of them and putting them up there, but they you like say like space is in the name. Like there's there's a lot of space up there. And so, even when you're"
  },
  {
    "i": 163,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "talking thousands or even, you know, up to a million satellites, >> Yeah."
  },
  {
    "i": 164,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> you got plenty of room to move around up there."
  },
  {
    "i": 165,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah, space is really big. So, it's not like it's not like space is going to get crowded. Uh space is is enormous. Like if you zoom in close to the satellite, it looks big, but if you actually look at it relative"
  },
  {
    "i": 166,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "relative to the Earth, these satellites are so tiny, you can you can't even see them."
  },
  {
    "i": 167,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "So, they're they're very very tiny compared to Earth."
  },
  {
    "i": 168,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> And I mean, we have 10 about 10,000 Starlinks in orbit right now. We've got a pretty good idea of how to operate just really large constellations and do it safely now, right?"
  },
  {
    "i": 169,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": ">> We we are the only operator that has any experience at that scale."
  },
  {
    "i": 170,
    "speaker": "Speaker 3",
    "text": "Uh it's it's a great thing that you know, we have this background so we know how tightly we can pack the satellites and and and fly them safely. That's that's a number one goal when when we look at the"
  },
  {
    "i": 171,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "constellation."
  },
  {
    "i": 172,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> We're going to be building a lot of satellites and we're going to be building them here in Bastrop, right? So, we've we've got this, which >> Yeah."
  },
  {
    "i": 173,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> So, we're we're in that building kind of in the middle, which >> Yeah, we're sitting in that building right now."
  },
  {
    "i": 174,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> This is my first time here. The building is massive. Like you you come around the corner, you see it through the trees and you're like, \"Oh, wow.\""
  },
  {
    "i": 175,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "But, we're about to kind of put this building to shame, aren't we?"
  },
  {
    "i": 176,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Uh yes, we're going to In fact, we already have the solar manufacturing facility satellite construction already."
  },
  {
    "i": 177,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And uh and then we will be building out the AI sat production building soon."
  },
  {
    "i": 178,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um and uh yeah, so we expect to have the the AI sat AI sat production, the solar production, um and uh all of that operating at uh some reasonable volume by the end of next year."
  },
  {
    "i": 179,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> So, if anybody wants to work on AI satellites, this is kind of going to become the hub of that. We're also So, I mean, like right behind us the machines are humming. We're still making all of"
  },
  {
    "i": 180,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "our user terminals for Starlink here."
  },
  {
    "i": 181,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "That's not going anywhere. In fact, we're turning on new production lines for new units, right?"
  },
  {
    "i": 182,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Uh yes."
  },
  {
    "i": 183,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um in fact, these are the new Starlink terminals, uh which we made in much higher volume than than the current uh terminals. Um you know, ultimately we think there's probably going to be a few hundred"
  },
  {
    "i": 184,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "million Starlink terminals out there."
  },
  {
    "i": 185,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And then our the Starlink direct to cell constellation will um connect directly to people's cell phones and enable uh high bandwidth communication directly from your phone to space."
  },
  {
    "i": 186,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> All right."
  },
  {
    "i": 187,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "We're We're two limiting factors down."
  },
  {
    "i": 188,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "We've got mass to orbit. Got putting solar in the few third one's chips."
  },
  {
    "i": 189,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yes. Um so at least in the in the beginning we can obviously launch the the chips that are already being made."
  },
  {
    "i": 190,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So our current reference design is for Nvidia uh Rubin chips or could be either GB300 or or Rubin chips. Um um and uh we'll also have a reference design for TPUs and and essentially you"
  },
  {
    "i": 191,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "can put up put any any existing chips into into orbit."
  },
  {
    "i": 192,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um but the current industry uh seems to be uh it's it seems like it's going to I don't know get to maybe around a hundred gigawatts a year of of AI compute."
  },
  {
    "i": 193,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "But it that that doesn't answer the question of well, how do you get to a terawatt?"
  },
  {
    "i": 194,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "That's why you need uh the terafab."
  },
  {
    "i": 195,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Always looking a step bigger."
  },
  {
    "i": 196,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Yeah, in order to get to the next order of magnitude uh you need uh a gigantic chip factory."
  },
  {
    "i": 197,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh to give you a sense of scale here uh we expect that the terafab is going to be around a hundred million square feet."
  },
  {
    "i": 198,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh which is ten times the size of the uh the Tesla gigafactory Texas."
  },
  {
    "i": 199,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> And what aside from just you know, I'm going to need Starship point-to-point to get from one end to the other. Aside from just the size, what's going to make this unique different from any other"
  },
  {
    "i": 200,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "chip building operation on the planet."
  },
  {
    "i": 201,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Well, I think over time there's going to be a lot of technology evolution with the Terra fab. But fundamentally, it's about scale. So, even if there were no uh fundamental technology breakthroughs,"
  },
  {
    "i": 202,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "uh it's and and uh you simply you you could simply scale uh the existing chip making technology uh with a lot of difficulty uh to a terawatt of chip output per year. Um that's if you look at just from the"
  },
  {
    "i": 203,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "logic die standpoint, that's uh it that's equivalent that's like having a billion chips per year with a a kilowatt per reticle. So, there's a a billion full reticle equivalent chips uh each doing a"
  },
  {
    "i": 204,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "kilowatt. And then you're going to need a lot of memory to go with that."
  },
  {
    "i": 205,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> A lot of people today even think orbital data centers were like a decade away."
  },
  {
    "i": 206,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Yeah, I think we want to try to give people a sense of of the time frame."
  },
  {
    "i": 207,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Uh we at least the time frame we're aiming for. I mean, you know, people should take this with a grain of salt to some degree because this is this is just our best guess. So, this is not a this is"
  },
  {
    "i": 208,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "not a promise of what we'll do. This is what we what what what we are going to try to do and think we probably can do."
  },
  {
    "i": 209,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um which is to get to roughly uh an annualized rate of a gigawatt per year by the end of next year uh in terms of space uh AI compute. Um and then aspirationally scale that by an order of magnitude per"
  },
  {
    "i": 210,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "year."
  },
  {
    "i": 211,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "So, in 2 and 1/2 years hitting an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts a year to space, in 3 and 1/2 years maybe 100 gigawatts, and then depending upon what progress uh there is in chip"
  },
  {
    "i": 212,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "making in the rest of the world and with the Terra fab uh going beyond that to scale to a a terawatt per year, which is 1,000 gigawatts."
  },
  {
    "i": 213,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Which is that that's twice the the current electricity consumption of the United States."
  },
  {
    "i": 214,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> I think there will be an appetite for that, but we'll see."
  },
  {
    "i": 215,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> It's a lot of satellites. It's >> I don't know what he's going to think about, but we need to do a lot of simulations or something."
  },
  {
    "i": 216,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "So, after we've, you know, worked through all the limiting factors, we've kind of topped out what we can do on Earth, what is the next step to again, try and actually notch maybe some"
  },
  {
    "i": 217,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "percentage points towards becoming Kardashev level two?"
  },
  {
    "i": 218,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Why stop there? Stop Why think small?"
  },
  {
    "i": 219,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> You're cuz a terawatt actually is very small."
  },
  {
    "i": 220,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> think small."
  },
  {
    "i": 221,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Let's not think small."
  },
  {
    "i": 222,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "Um so, there is in order to get to another three orders of magnitude to 1,000 X from a terawatt per year, the the only way that we can really see see that you can achieve that is on the"
  },
  {
    "i": 223,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "moon with uh a mass driver. Essentially, where you do local production of uh photovoltaics and solar and radiators on the moon. Um maybe you bring the chips from Earth or you could conceivably"
  },
  {
    "i": 224,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "uh make the chips on on the moon. Um and but you need you need most of the mass uh to be made on the moon, so you don't have to transport it to the moon from Earth."
  },
  {
    "i": 225,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And and then, because the moon has no atmosphere and only 1/6 Earth's gravity, you can you can get you can accelerate the AI satellites into deep space without a rocket. So, you can basically"
  },
  {
    "i": 226,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "shoot them into space using um an electromagnetic gun, like a like a rail gun type I mean, just it's basically a linear electric motor is the way to think about it."
  },
  {
    "i": 227,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> As a way I think we can show people."
  },
  {
    "i": 228,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> [music] [music] >> I mean if that doesn't get you excited for the future, I don't really know what will."
  },
  {
    "i": 229,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> I'm fired up to see to see a mass driver on the moon. That'd be very cool."
  },
  {
    "i": 230,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Sci-fi future."
  },
  {
    "i": 231,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Um it would also mean that if we're if we're bringing that amount of mass to the moon, it would mean that anyone who wants to go to the moon uh will be able to go to the moon."
  },
  {
    "i": 232,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": "And uh I think that'll would pretty cool."
  },
  {
    "i": 233,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Yeah. I'm I'm going to be jumping first in line to get up there for that."
  },
  {
    "i": 234,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> I think everyone should go to the moon at least once, I think."
  },
  {
    "i": 235,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> Just once, yeah."
  },
  {
    "i": 236,
    "speaker": "Speaker 2",
    "text": ">> You can move there if you want. You can go live on the moon."
  },
  {
    "i": 237,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> We'll see."
  },
  {
    "i": 238,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> [laughter] >> Thanks guys for chatting with me for a little bit."
  },
  {
    "i": 239,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> All right."
  },
  {
    "i": 240,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> May excited to see whole new tech whole new kind of satellite whole bunch more Starship launches more chips more solar more more everything. It's It's a big future but I'm excited to see"
  },
  {
    "i": 241,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": "everybody at this company go out and build."
  },
  {
    "i": 242,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> All right, sounds good. It's exciting."
  },
  {
    "i": 243,
    "speaker": "Speaker 1",
    "text": ">> Thanks guys."
  }
]